Case Studies on How to Use ICT Construction Machinery: Practical Techniques for the Field

What is ICT construction machinery? Smart construction spreading to earthworks and slope work

In recent years, the use of smart construction machines known as “ICT construction machinery” has been expanding at construction sites such as earthworks and slope shaping. ICT construction machinery is equipment equipped with information and communication technologies such as GPS/GNSS, angle sensors, and 3D design data, enabling highly accurate and efficient construction through automatic control and navigation functions. As part of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism’s promoted “i-Construction,” introduction is encouraged, and models equipped with 3D machine guidance (MG) and machine control (MC) functions have appeared for bulldozers, hydraulic excavators, motor graders, and others.

By utilizing ICT construction machinery, work that previously relied on the operator’s experience and intuition can be replaced with automatic or semi-automatic control based on data, achieving consistent and highly accurate finishes regardless of who operates the machine. Specifically, because construction can be done based on design data displayed on a monitor on the machine—without relying on traditional batter boards (stakes indicating elevation/position) or string lines—surveyors no longer need to spend days driving stakes into the site. The result is a significant reduction in pre-construction surveying workload and a dramatic improvement in safety and efficiency. Fewer people need to enter the vicinity of heavy equipment, and operators themselves no longer need to dismount repeatedly to check elevations, so not only is work time shortened, but accident risk is reduced.

This article explains specific operation and operational techniques for using ICT construction machinery in earthworks and slope work, illustrated with real field examples. From creating 3D design data to selecting MG vs MC functions, monitor-checking methods during construction, measures to maintain construction accuracy, and troubleshooting, it systematically introduces the key points to cover at each stage. It also presents quantitative effects and voices from sites that have introduced the technology to clarify the realities and benefits of ICT machinery construction. At the end of the article, we touch on the simple surveying solution “LRTK” using a smartphone × compact GNSS to propose a first step for those considering introducing or expanding ICT construction.

Start by creating 3D design data

The first task to master ICT construction machinery is preparing the 3D design data required for construction. In earthworks and slope shaping, digital terrain models (TIN data, LandXML format, etc.) are created from design drawings and planned cross-sections representing the finished shape. First, acquire point cloud data of the current terrain using methods such as drone photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanners, or GNSS surveying, and generate a 3D model of the construction area by reflecting the design drawing lines and elevation information.

The obtained digital design surface data is imported into the machine-mounted computer (control box for machine control) of the ICT construction machinery. While supported formats vary by model of bulldozer or excavator, recent years have seen more common formats like LandXML accepted, making it important to establish an environment where the entire site can share unified 3D design information. Sending the same model data to a surveying robotic total station (trackable TS) also enables the TS to perform as-built measurements and track machine positions.

A crucial point when using 3D design data is consistency with the site coordinate system. For example, if the design data is not adjusted to the national coordinate system (plane rectangular coordinate system) or a site-specific local coordinate system, discrepancies will occur between the GNSS-positioned machine and the design surface. Therefore, before starting ICT construction, set up a GNSS base station (fixed station) at known control points to enable RTK positioning based on the site coordinate system. With correction information from the base station, the machine can always obtain centimeter-level position coordinates (cm level accuracy (half-inch accuracy)). If necessary, perform localization (survey coordinate transformation) by comparing with known points to precisely align the machine’s position information with the design data’s elevations and coordinates. This initial calibration is a critical point that determines the accuracy of ICT machine construction. It may seem time-consuming, but neglecting it will prevent automatic control from functioning properly, so coordinate with the survey team to complete it before construction begins.

Choosing between Machine Guidance (MG) and Machine Control (MC)

ICT construction machinery broadly offers Machine Guidance (MG) functions and Machine Control (MC) functions. Each has different characteristics, so it is important to switch between them according to site conditions and work stages.

• Machine Guidance (MG): A system that displays the machine’s current position and the bucket/blade elevation relative to the design surface on a monitor, guiding the operator. For example, information such as “dig an additional ◯ cm” or “△% higher than the slope” is presented in real time, and the operator manually controls the machine based on that guidance. Because the operator ultimately makes the work decisions, a skilled operator using MG can achieve higher accuracy and speed than conventional methods. MG is suitable where an operator wants to fine-tune the soil scoop or gradient by feel—such as shaping slopes with a hydraulic excavator—allowing the operator’s discretion to be exercised while taking advantage of the guidance.

• Machine Control (MC): A function that extends MG by automatically controlling the blade or bucket movements based on design data and current position. For a bulldozer, MC calculates the difference between the design elevation/grade and the GNSS-measured blade position and uses the hydraulic system to automatically adjust the blade’s up/down and tilt angles. For hydraulic excavators, when the operator moves the boom and arm, MC automatically corrects the bucket tip elevation and angle to continuously follow the design surface. In other words, construction proceeds like an autopilot, providing high-precision results independent of operator skill. MC is particularly powerful for large-area grading work or on sites with fewer veteran operators, enabling young operators to achieve quality. However, over-reliance on automation can lead to reduced attention to the surroundings, so operators must always perform safety checks and monitor machine behavior even when using MC.

When first using ICT construction machinery on site, many teams start with MG to get accustomed. For example, during excavation, use MG for rough excavation to form a general shape, then turn on MC in the finishing stage to match the design surface precisely. Even with MC-capable machines, you might intentionally operate in MG mode depending on conditions. For example, when excavation contains rock causing the blade to bounce or when subtle terrain adaptation is required, operator-led adjustments may be preferable. To make the most of ICT machinery, understand the strengths of MG and MC and switch flexibly.

Before using ICT machinery on site, don’t skip daily calibration checks. Inspect the blade tip and bucket tip positions against known points to check for errors and confirm the condition of sensors and antennas. Large vibrations or shocks during transport to the site can shift sensor zero points, so make a habit of initializing and correcting before starting work.

Operating ICT construction machinery on site: monitor checks and construction tips

In the cab of ICT construction machinery, a dedicated monitor or tablet that displays 3D design data is installed. During construction, use this monitor as a “digital batter board,” continuously checking the difference between the current blade tip position and the target surface as you work. For example, the monitor screen shows top-down and cross-sectional views of the machine, and the difference in elevation between the target surface and the current height is indicated numerically (plus/minus centimeters) or by color coding. Operators keep an eye on the monitor in their field of view while also observing the actual soil conditions and surrounding safety.

In MG mode, operators follow the guidance displayed on the monitor to manually operate the boom or blade and make fine adjustments during construction. On slopes with gradients and curves, show the target line and current bucket position overlapped on the monitor to repeatedly check whether the intended slope is being formed. Some machines alert the operator with buzzers or lamps when the deviation from the design surface falls within a threshold, allowing confirmation by sound and visuals that the target elevation has been reached.

In MC mode, the operator typically performs only basic control inputs (such as forward/reverse or arm movement), leaving fine elevation adjustments to automatic control. The operator’s role is to monitor on the screen that the automatic control is working correctly. If a large deviation from the design surface occurs or the machine behaves abnormally, immediately pause MC and assess the situation. For example, if the machine is sinking in extremely soft ground or the engine load increases when pushing large amounts of soil, do not force automatic continuation—reconfigure or change the process. Human judgment must be appropriately interposed rather than over-relying on MC to maintain stable construction.

Another key point in monitor checking is using construction history data. ICT machine systems automatically record the trajectories of bucket or blade passes during work. After construction, analyzing this history data makes it possible to visualize “how much excavation or embankment was done in which area” and “which parts of the slope have been shaped.” Operators should review their work history on the monitor to check for any missed excavation or overfill. If necessary, assign the machine again to correct these areas, reducing later manual rework. Especially in slope work, it can be hard to grasp unevenness by sight alone, so using the digital history display to eliminate missed smoothing helps stabilize quality.

Measures to maintain construction accuracy and quality control

To maximize the benefits of ICT machinery, it’s essential to maintain construction accuracy during work and ensure quality according to design. Below are some site-practiced tips for accuracy maintenance and quality control.

• Regular as-built checks: Even though ICT machinery enables high-accuracy construction, do not skip intermediate inspections. After completing excavation or embankment in major sections, perform as-built measurement checks of the finished shape from a different perspective. For example, acquire current point cloud data with drone photogrammetry and analyze differences from the design 3D data with dedicated software to verify surface accuracy. Color-coded maps immediately show areas of over-excavation or insufficient fill, enabling immediate corrective work. Traditionally, sites would survey the entire area after construction and bring machines back in if errors were found; with ICT construction, real-time measurement and immediate correction are easy.

• Monitor GNSS base station and communications: For ICT machines using GNSS, always pay attention to the status of the base station and the communication that sends correction information. If the base station loses power or is moved, the machine cannot obtain high-accuracy positioning and errors will grow. When receiving corrections via cellular or low-power radio, watch antenna orientation and interference noise. Make a habit of opening the GPS status screen on the monitor to check satellite counts and the RTK-FIX solution status. As a contingency if correction is interrupted, leave conventional survey control stakes at critical points so you can revert to manual confirmation if needed—this is a useful risk hedge.

• Regular machine calibration: Prolonged operation or continuous use over days can gradually shift zero points of onboard sensors (tilt sensors, arm length detectors, etc.). Therefore, perform simple calibration every day or every few days. Practically, place the blade or bucket on a flat area within the work zone whose reference elevation is known, compare the monitor-displayed height with the measured height, and apply system corrections if even slight deviations are observed. Keeping sensors in optimal condition is how ICT construction machinery realizes its full potential.

• Information sharing among operators: In ICT construction, data and system accuracy matter more than individual operator skill. Therefore, when multiple operators rotate using the same machine, it is important to share observations and cautions each time. Information like “corrections were intermittently lost in the morning” or “GNSS reception was unstable near the top of the slope” should be communicated in daily reports or morning meetings for team-wide awareness. Also, provide on-site skill transfer: experienced staff should give one-on-one guidance on reading monitors and operating tricks to less experienced personnel. When the whole team understands ICT construction benefits and operations, they will spot anomalies earlier and respond appropriately.

How to respond to errors and troubles

Even advanced ICT construction machinery can encounter various troubles and errors on site. Responding calmly and appropriately minimizes impact on construction. Here are common trouble examples and their countermeasures.

• GNSS positioning error occurs: If the monitor shows errors such as “RTK lost” or “positioning unavailable,” first check the base station and weather conditions. Thunderstorms or thick clouds may destabilize satellite reception. Check the base station’s power and communications and restart if needed. If recovery is not possible, proceed temporarily using conventional batter boards and leveling while waiting for weather improvement. Some modern ICT machines can switch to an auto-tracking TS to continue positioning, so switch to TS mode if available.

• Design data loading error: If the wrong design file is loaded into the machine controller, stop work immediately. If you notice a model error during work, verify on site with stakeholders and reload the correct data. Continuing with an old design version can lead to major rework. To prevent this, clearly label file names and version numbers when updating data and ensure the latest data is shared with machine operators and survey personnel.

• Monitor display abnormalities: If the screen freezes or shows values obviously inconsistent with actual terrain, suspect hardware or software malfunction. Try restarting the software and checking connector wiring; if unresolved, contact the manufacturer’s support for instructions. In the meantime, the machine can still be operated manually, so secure safety and switch to manual operation temporarily to get through the situation.

• Automatic control not working properly: If MC mode is clearly not delivering accuracy (e.g., repeatedly overcutting or underfilling), sensor or hydraulic system issues may be present. Disable MC and proceed carefully with MG while inspecting sensor readings when the machine can be stopped. Check whether tilt sensors have mud attached, GNSS antennas are firmly fixed and level, etc. Also reconsider whether the soil type or task suits MC. Adjust work procedures if necessary, using MC only for finishing parts of subsequent processes.

• Operator confusion: While not a system error, beginners may be confused by ICT machines. Some say there is too much information on the monitor and they don’t know where to look to operate. In such cases, don’t try to handle it alone—ask for help. Manufacturer or rental company support staff sometimes accompany the site. Company-internal hands-on training using actual machines by experienced colleagues is also effective. Tips for skill acquisition include “don’t stare at the screen only,” “use auditory and visual alerts,” and “periodically double-check with conventional methods for reassurance.” Getting used to the system at your own pace is important.

When troubles occur, calmly return to basics and confirm. ICT machines combine hardware and data, so maintain a stance of “humans understand and control” rather than handing everything to machines. If in doubt, stop the machine, share the situation with stakeholders to isolate the cause, and consider the best remedy—this leads to safe and reliable responses.

Effects of introducing ICT machinery: benefits seen from field cases

Sites that have actually introduced ICT construction machinery report many quantitative effects and improvements. Below are representative benefits.

• Shorter construction periods and improved efficiency: Digital batter boards eliminate the time needed for surveying and setting up batter boards, speeding up work arrangements. Surveying and layout work that used to require two to three people for several days can, with ICT, sometimes be completed by one person in a few hours. Automatic finishing with machine control has reduced rework, and some cases report total construction days cut by over 20%.

• High-precision construction and stable quality: MC enables consistent accuracy regardless of the operator, reducing variability in finishes. Especially in slope shaping, it is easier to reproduce design slopes and smoothness, and errors such as over-excavation or overfill have dramatically decreased. In one site, staff initially skeptically set up traditional batter boards while monitoring the ICT backhoe; once they confirmed the machine could finish slopes accurately on its own, they removed the batter boards. ICT machinery’s construction accuracy has reached a level of reliability.

• Labor savings and skill transfer: One operator can complete batter board checks, reducing the need for separate supervisors or survey workers. This makes it possible to run sites with fewer people amid labor shortages. Because the method does not depend on veteran intuition, young operators can achieve high-quality work, lowering the barrier to skill transfer. Voices such as “thanks to ICT machinery, young operators can perform with accuracy comparable to veterans” are heard, contributing to technician development.

• Improved safety: Fewer people need to enter the vicinity of heavy machinery for batter board setup or as-built measurements, reducing the risk of contact accidents. Progress can be remotely monitored in real time, decreasing the need to enter hazardous areas. Improved efficiency also shortens site operating hours, creating leeway to avoid night or bad-weather work. In practice, digital guidance enabled slope shaping after sunset, allowing completion with margin in the schedule. ICT machinery contributes to both safety and efficiency.

• Streamlined quality control through data use: Construction history data accumulated by ICT machines and point cloud data from drones simplify creation of as-built reports and quality records. Time required to prepare inspection photos and survey maps is reduced, lessening paperwork burdens. Electronically visualized construction histories can serve as explanation materials for clients and provide high-trust proof of quality.

From the field, voices include:

Even sites initially unfamiliar with ICT machinery increasingly say “we can’t go back to the old ways.” Data and automatic control bring significant efficiency and quality benefits that often justify the investment costs.

Simple surveying with smartphone × GNSS: using LRTK

So far we have discussed full-scale construction with ICT machinery, but many companies or sites may find introducing heavy equipment all at once a high hurdle. To help take the first step, we introduce the simple RTK surveying tool “LRTK,” which combines a smartphone and a compact GNSS receiver to enable initial ICT construction adoption.

LRTK is a solution that turns a smartphone into a centimeter-accurate surveying instrument simply by attaching a dedicated ultra-compact GNSS receiver (weighing about 165 g) to the phone. While conventional smartphone GPS had errors of several meters in standalone positioning, real-time RTK corrections enable positioning accuracy on the order of several centimeters (several in). With this, you can perform as-built measurements and batter board staking on site easily with one person, even without specialized surveying equipment or heavy machinery.

For example, surveying key points of a development site with LRTK allows immediate cloud-based sharing of data for incorporation into a 3D model in the office. Conversely, outputting points from design data to the field and placing stakes while referring to the smartphone screen is useful for simple stake-driving and layout. This brings the essence of “digital construction” cultivated in ICT machinery to small sites or pilot phases.

LRTK’s advantages include low equipment and training costs. Its intuitive smartphone app is easy to use for both young and veteran staff. For teams new to ICT, LRTK allows digital technology adoption as a natural extension of conventional workflows, making “start with surveying digitization” an easy first step. Some companies have used LRTK as an entry point, gradually expanding to drone surveying and ICT machinery, effectively starting with small-scale projects and scaling investment as they experience benefits.

ICT construction is not limited to large projects or major companies. With a smartphone and ingenuity, anyone can start easily. Use accessible tools like LRTK to feel the benefits of ICT on your own sites—this experience can be the first step toward full-scale ICT machinery introduction and further digitalization.