5 Beginner Guides to Reading PVSyst in 1 Hour

When you look at a PVSyst report for the first time, similar terms are listed—solar irradiation, energy production, PR, Specific Yield, Loss Diagram, Array Loss, System Output, and so on—which can make it hard to know where to start. When using PVSyst for solar power plant design, estimating, materials for financial institutions, client explanations, or post-construction performance verification, you don’t need to read every item in detail from the outset. First, it’s important to learn a way of reading that lets you grasp the overall picture in a short time.

This article organizes the five initial points you should check, aimed at those who want to understand how to read PVSyst in one hour.

To use PVSyst professionally you need to understand many elements such as meteorological data, module characteristics, PCS settings, wiring losses, temperature losses, mismatch, IAM, shading, and output curtailment. However, at the introductory stage, simply reading in the order of "How much will this plant generate?", "What determines that figure?", "Which losses are large?", and "What should be checked when comparing?" will greatly advance practical understanding.

A common pitfall when reading PVSyst is focusing only on the fine loss items from the start and losing sight of the relationship with the overall energy production and PR. For example, even if a certain loss rate looks large, you cannot judge whether that figure is reasonable or anomalous without considering its relationship with irradiance conditions, plant capacity, PCS capacity, azimuth, tilt, snow, shading, and temperature conditions. Conversely, looking only at the annual energy yield does not tell you why that yield occurred or where there is room for design improvement.

To understand PVSyst in one hour, it's important to decide the order in which you read it. First, check the project conditions, then look at the annual energy production, next gauge the performance level using PR and Specific Yield, and finally check the breakdown of losses with the Loss Diagram. Reading in this order prevents getting bogged down in details and gives you a practical understanding useful for design, sales, estimates, reviews, and explaining things to the client.

PVSyst: Read the Conclusion First

When reading a PVSyst report, the first thing you should look at is not the detailed losses but the conclusion on annual energy production. In many cases, the report presents a summary of the annual energy generation, the amount sent to the grid, the generation per unit of installed capacity, the PR, and so on. What you should confirm here is how much energy this simulation ultimately expects to produce.

In solar power projects, the final annual generation directly determines revenue calculations, the PPA price, revenues from electricity sales, benefits of self-consumption, the payback period, and financing decisions. Therefore, when reading PVSyst, the basic approach is to first identify "what the plant's assumed annual kWh generation is." Detailed loss items are supplementary information to verify how that annual generation figure was derived.

What you need to be careful about here is the naming of the generated energy. In PVSyst, different energy values are shown at each stage, such as the Array output, the Inverter output, and the energy injected into the Grid. The DC-side energy generated by the photovoltaic modules, the AC-side energy after passing through the PCS, and the energy ultimately sent to the grid are not the same. If you mistake which stage's figure you are looking at, you will misjudge the energy production.

At the introductory stage, it is easier to think of the generation figure you should ultimately use as the "energy sent to the grid" or the "available AC energy." When evaluating a plant's revenue or the amount supplied to consumers, place importance on the value after it has passed through equipment such as the PCS and transformers, rather than the energy theoretically produced by the modules. In PVSyst reports, expressions such as E_Grid, Grid Injection, and Energy injected into grid are sometimes used.

When looking at annual energy production, you should check not only the simple total but also its relationship with the installed capacity. For example, even if the annual energy production is large, if the installed capacity is very large, the energy production per 1 kW of capacity may not be high. Conversely, the total generation may be small, yet the system can be efficient as a small-scale installation. Therefore, when interpreting PVSyst, it is important to consider annual energy production together with the Specific Yield.

Also, when reading PVSyst’s conclusions, you should understand that the simulation year is a standard year. PVSyst’s results do not precisely predict the actual future; they are expected values based on the specified meteorological data, equipment conditions, and loss assumptions. Actual power generation will vary due to year-to-year weather, snowfall, failures, curtailment, soiling, operational downtime, measurement errors, and other factors. Therefore, PVSyst’s results should be interpreted not as “guaranteed values” but as “simulated values based on design conditions.”

If you want to understand PVSyst in 1 hour, it's best to focus the first 10 minutes on this conclusion section. Check the annual energy production, grid-injected energy, plant capacity, PR, and Specific Yield to grasp the plant's overall performance. If you get the big picture here, it will be easier to understand how each loss item affects the final energy production when you review the loss items later.

Check the project conditions and read the assumptions

The next important thing when reading PVSyst is the simulation assumptions. You cannot compare generation or PR alone if the underlying assumptions differ. For example, even for the same 1 MW plant, results can vary greatly depending on the installation location, meteorological data, azimuth, tilt angle, module type, PCS capacity, oversizing ratio, wiring losses, presence or absence of shading, and snow conditions.

PVSyst reports show project information, geographic information, meteorological data, system configuration, number of modules, number of PCS, string configuration, tilt angle, azimuth, and so on. For beginners, the first things to check are five items: location, capacity, azimuth, tilt, modules, and PCS. Even knowing just these five makes it easier to judge the rough plausibility of the power generation.

Location affects solar irradiation and temperature. Solar and temperature conditions differ among Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, and Kyushu. Regions with high irradiation tend to see higher energy production, and in colder regions losses due to module temperature may be reduced. Conversely, in snowy regions reduced winter generation and the treatment of albedo become important. When interpreting PVSyst, you should consider not only the magnitude of energy production but also whether the results are natural given the regional conditions.

Capacity should be checked separately for the DC side and the AC side. In solar power plants it is common for the DC capacity, which is the sum of the module capacities, not to match the AC capacity, which is the output capacity of the PCS. When the DC capacity is larger than the AC capacity, the design is considered oversized. While oversizing can increase generation under low irradiance, clipping losses can occur during periods of strong irradiance due to the PCS output limit. In PVSyst reports, if this relationship is not understood, items such as "Inverter loss over nominal power" can be easily misunderstood.

Azimuth and tilt angle are the basic conditions that determine how solar radiation is received. If a system is oriented near south and installed at an appropriate tilt angle, annual energy production tends to be higher. Conversely, east–west orientations, low tilt, steep tilt, or a mix of multiple orientations change the shape of the generation curve and the trend in annual energy production. Site topography or racking layout may force deviations from the optimal angle; in such cases, it is necessary to check what design conditions are set in PVSyst.

Modules and PCS determine the performance of the simulation. The module’s nominal power, temperature coefficient, efficiency, degradation rate, and low-irradiance characteristics, among others, affect energy production. The PCS involves conversion efficiency, maximum input voltage, MPPT range, rated output, power factor setting, and output limits, among other factors. Because PVSyst performs calculations using module and PCS databases, confirming that the correct models are selected is an important check.

Also, under project conditions, you should check the type of meteorological data. In PVSyst, various meteorological data can be used, such as Meteonorm, SolarGIS, satellite data, and measured data. Which meteorological data you use will change the annual and monthly solar irradiation, and thus the energy yield. When comparing multiple PVSyst reports, differences in meteorological data alone can lead to differences in PR and energy yield.

When reading PVSyst in an hour, it is efficient to spend about 15 minutes after reviewing the conclusions checking the assumptions. Rather than judging good or bad based only on the generation numbers, it is important to have a feel for whether that level of generation is reasonable under those conditions. If you verify the assumptions, it will be easier later when you review the loss items to organize which losses stem from the design, which stem from regional conditions, and which stem from the input settings.

Interpreting performance levels using PR and Specific Yield

When reading PVSyst, the indicators that beginners must be sure to understand are PR and Specific Yield. PR stands for Performance Ratio and is a performance indicator that shows how efficiently a photovoltaic system converts the solar irradiation it receives into electrical energy. Specific Yield is an indicator showing the annual energy generation per 1 kWp of installed capacity, expressed in kWh/kWp.

These two may look similar but serve different roles. Specific Yield is a metric that shows how much electricity a plant generates per unit of capacity. It tends to be higher in regions with greater solar irradiance, so it is affected by regional variations. PR, on the other hand, is a metric used to evaluate the system’s conversion efficiency and the magnitude of losses by partially removing the influence of solar irradiance conditions. In other words, Specific Yield is a metric for the "amount of generation," while PR is a metric for the "quality of system performance."

When reading a PVSyst report, if you only look at annual energy production, plants in regions with high solar irradiance tend to look better. However, checking the PR makes it easier to compare whether a plant is generating efficiently relative to the irradiance it received. For example, even in regions with low irradiance, a high PR can indicate that system design and loss conditions are favorable. Conversely, if a site has high irradiance and high energy production but a low PR, there may be room for improvement in wiring losses, temperature losses, shading, PCS clipping, mismatch, soiling, and the like.

However, PR is not万能. PR is a useful indicator for comparing system performance, but it changes depending on the configuration. Depending on what percentage you set for wiring losses, which temperature loss model you used, what percentage you set for soiling losses, how much shading you accounted for, and how you handled output limits and power factor settings, PR will fluctuate. Therefore, when interpreting PVSyst, you should not judge superiority or inferiority based solely on the PR value; you need to check it together with the assumptions and the breakdown of losses.

When looking at Specific Yield, consider it together with the area's solar irradiance. For example, if the annual Specific Yield is high, you need to separate whether that is due to solar conditions or due to superior design. If solar conditions are very good, Specific Yield can appear high even if PR is somewhat low. Conversely, in regions with poor solar conditions, Specific Yield can appear average even if PR is high.

In the introductory stage of PVSyst, looking at PR and Specific Yield together provides a more multi‑dimensional evaluation of a power plant. Annual energy production is the figure used to assess business revenue. Specific Yield is the metric for evaluating energy yield per unit of capacity. PR is the metric for assessing system performance relative to irradiance. If you understand these three separately, your ability to read PVSyst reports will improve significantly.

Even when explaining to clients or supervisors, this way of organizing the information is effective. Simply saying "the annual generation is X kWh" makes it hard to convey why that value was obtained. If you can explain, "on a per-installed-capacity basis the generation is this much, the PR is at this level, and the system's performance relative to solar irradiance conditions can be evaluated like this," the PVSyst results become easier to use for business decisions.

If you want to understand PVSyst in one hour, it's a good idea to spend about 15 minutes checking PR and Specific Yield. You don't need to memorize detailed formulas here. What's important is to understand that PR is a performance indicator that includes losses, Specific Yield is the energy produced per unit of capacity, and its role is different from that of annual energy production. Just grasping this difference will greatly reduce the confusion when looking at PVSyst reports.

Reading where the loss is occurring on the Loss Diagram

The most practically important thing when reading PVSyst is checking the Loss Diagram. The Loss Diagram is a chart that shows how the solar power system's incident solar energy is reduced at each stage and becomes the final energy output. Being able to understand the Loss Diagram when reading PVSyst makes it easier to explain the reasons for the energy output.

In the Loss Diagram, energy is organized in the following sequence: starting with horizontal irradiance, then tilted irradiance, nearby shading, IAM losses, soiling, module conversion, temperature losses, mismatch losses, wiring losses, PCS losses, transformer losses, and finally the amount injected to the grid. You don't need to memorize all the items at once. At an introductory level, it's easier to understand by broadly dividing them into three stages: the irradiance stage, the module stage, and the PCS and AC-side stage.

During the solar irradiance stage, we look at how much of the site’s solar irradiance reaches the panel surface. The irradiance on a horizontal plane differs from that on an inclined plane. The irradiance incident on the panel surface increases or decreases depending on the tilt angle and azimuth. In addition, shading, reflection, IAM, soiling, and other factors further alter the amount of irradiance that effectively reaches the module.

At the module stage, we examine the process by which incident solar irradiance is converted into DC power. This involves the module’s rated output, temperature losses, low-irradiance losses, quality losses, mismatch losses, DC wiring losses, and so on. In particular, temperature loss is a major loss item at many solar power plants. Because photovoltaic modules’ output decreases as their temperature rises, temperature losses tend to increase in regions with high ambient temperatures and under installation conditions with poor ventilation.

At the PCS and AC side stage, we look at the losses that occur from the conversion of DC power to AC until it is finally delivered to the grid. This includes PCS conversion losses, clipping due to the PCS rated output, AC wiring losses, transformer losses, and auxiliary power consumption. In an oversized design, losses can occur due to the PCS output limit. These losses are not necessarily undesirable. Oversizing can increase generation during mornings, evenings, and periods of low irradiance, and on an annual basis the overall economics can improve.

When reading a Loss Diagram, the key is to look at the largest losses first. Before chasing small differences on the order of 0.1%, first check where the large losses of a few percent are located. For example, determine whether temperature loss, shading loss, PCS clipping, or wiring loss is large. Once the major loss items are identified, the plant’s design characteristics and opportunities for improvement become clear.

Also pay attention to items that appear positive in the Loss Diagram. When the tilted-surface irradiation is greater than the horizontal-surface irradiation, or depending on how reflections are handled, some items may appear as increases. This is not a loss but a change in solar harvesting due to the surface orientation and tilt. In PVSyst reports, since not all items are simply negative, you need to read them with an awareness of "from which reference to which reference each conversion is being made."

The Loss Diagram is a part that is easy to use for internal reviews and customer explanations. If power generation is lower than expected, it allows you to explain where the reductions are occurring. Conversely, if the PR differs when compared with another company's report, lining up the Loss Diagrams makes it easier to investigate the causes of the discrepancies. For example, differences in irradiance data, soiling losses, wiring losses, temperature losses, and PCS capacity differences can become apparent.

If you want to understand PVSyst in one hour, it's worth spending about 15 to 20 minutes on the Loss Diagram. Rather than trying to memorize all the technical terms from the start, it's important to understand, as a flow, at which stages the energy production decreases. Once you can read the Loss Diagram, the PVSyst report will no longer be just a list of numbers but will appear as a story that explains the power plant's performance.

When comparing, read under the same conditions

The last thing to keep in mind when interpreting PVSyst is the method of comparison. In practice, you often need to compare your company's analysis with another company's analysis, the old design with the new design, reports for financial institutions with internal review reports, and PVSyst with measured values. At such times, simply comparing energy production or PR alone can lead to incorrect conclusions.

The most important factor in a comparison is whether the underlying assumptions are the same. If meteorological data, plant capacity, module type, PCS type, azimuth, tilt angle, wiring losses, soiling losses, temperature model, shading representation, output control, transformer losses, auxiliary losses, etc., differ, it is natural that the results will differ. When interpreting PVSyst, you need to verify how closely the comparison conditions match before looking at the comparison results.

Particular attention should be paid to how DC capacity and AC capacity are treated. If one report uses DC capacity as the basis for Specific Yield while another document uses AC capacity as the basis, the figures will appear different. Also, if the oversizing ratio differs, PCS clipping losses and annual energy production will change. Since, in PR calculations, the relationship between the DC-side nominal capacity and the incident irradiance is important, it is risky to compare without confirming differences in the capacity basis.

Differences in meteorological data are also a major source of discrepancies. If there is a difference in annual energy generation in PVSyst results, it is necessary to determine whether this is due to differences in design conditions or differences in meteorological data. If the solar irradiance itself is different, it is natural that the energy generation will change. On the other hand, if the solar irradiance is almost the same but the PR or energy generation differ significantly, you should check for differences in loss settings or equipment conditions.

In comparing loss settings, we look at DC wiring losses, AC wiring losses, transformer losses, soiling losses, mismatch losses, temperature losses, IAM, shading losses, and so on. Even small differences in these settings can lead to differences in annual energy production and PR. In particular, reports prepared for bank submission or third-party evaluation sometimes use conservative loss settings. In such cases, if the energy production looks low, it may be due to conservative assumptions rather than poor design.

Extra caution is required when comparing measured values with PVSyst. PVSyst is a simulation based on standard meteorological conditions and the specified weather data. Measured values, on the other hand, include actual weather, failures, downtime, output curtailment, snow, soiling, grid constraints, and differences in measurement points. Therefore, when comparing measured values with PVSyst, it is necessary to perform tasks such as correcting to the same irradiance conditions, excluding downtime, isolating the impact of output curtailment, and aligning measurement points.

When comparing, it's useful to look not only at generation but also at monthly trends. Annual values alone won't show which seasons exhibit differences. By checking monthly generation, monthly PR, and monthly insolation, it becomes easier to infer whether summer temperature losses are large, whether there's a winter snowfall impact, whether differences in insolation during the rainy season are significant, or whether there were shutdowns or output curtailments in specific months.

In comparing PVSyst results, it is ultimately important not to ask "which figure is correct" but to explain "which differences in assumptions are causing the differences in results." Solar power generation simulations change depending on the assumptions. Therefore, the purpose of the comparison is not a simple win-or-lose, but to decompose the differences in energy production and PR and verify their validity.

As an introduction to understanding PVSyst in one hour, it's good to grasp the approach to comparison in the final 10 minutes. After reading the conclusion, assumptions, PR, Specific Yield, and Loss Diagram, check for differences in conditions when comparing with other reports. If you follow this order, reading PVSyst becomes quite practical for real-world use.

Practical order for reading in 1 hour

To understand PVSyst in one hour, it's efficient to fix the order in which you read. In the first 10 minutes, review the annual energy production and the conclusions. In the next 15 minutes, check the installation site, capacity, azimuth, tilt, modules, PCS, and meteorological data. In the following 15 minutes, look at the PR and Specific Yield to grasp the performance level. In the next 15 minutes, read the Loss Diagram and identify the major loss items. In the final 5 minutes, check the differences in conditions when comparing with other documents or past designs.

If you make a habit of reading reports this way, when you look at a PVSyst report you will be able to grasp the overall picture without hesitation. Even if you don't memorize every detailed technical term, you'll be able to explain where the generated energy comes from, which losses reduce it, and what the final figures are. This is useful for sales, design, construction management, O&M, dealings with financial institutions, and explaining things to the project owner.

In practice, it is important not only to read PVSyst reports but also to cross-check them against on-site conditions. For example, even if drawings suggest little shading, in reality shading can be affected by surrounding trees, slopes, buildings, utility poles, and shading between rows of racks. Even if the design tilt and azimuth are correct, the actual installation may differ due to construction inaccuracies or terrain conditions. To use PVSyst’s figures more accurately, a perspective that links simulation with on-site verification is necessary.

In this respect, integration with tools that can streamline on-site location information and as-built verification is important. For example, combining an iPhone with high-precision GNSS like LRTK to confirm on-site positions and having a system that lets you handle design drawings and positioning data on-site makes it easier to reconcile the layouts, orientations, and equipment arrangements assumed in PVSyst with the actual construction conditions. At solar power plants, not only desk-based simulations but also on-site position checks, as-built verification, and comparisons with point clouds and drawings are important, so it is effective to connect how PVSyst is interpreted with on-site verification.

In particular, when verifying differences in power generation, it is necessary to look for discrepancies between the assumptions in PVSyst and the actual field conditions. The orientation and tilt of the racks, occurrence of shading, site grading, equipment layout, cable routes, and the locations of PCS and junction boxes cannot be fully confirmed from the figures in a report alone. If high-accuracy positional information can be obtained on site, it becomes easier to compare the simulation conditions with the actual construction conditions. As a result, interpreting PVSyst can be used not only for desk-based studies but also for on-site improvements and performance verification.

When getting started with PVSyst, the important thing is not to try to understand all the items at once. At first, it is sufficient to focus on just five items: conclusion, assumptions, PR, Specific Yield, Loss Diagram, and comparison conditions. If you understand these five, you will be able to grasp the overall picture of the report, explain the validity of the energy production, and sort out the differences from other simulations.

Common misconceptions when reading PVSyst

A common misconception among first-time readers of PVSyst is to assume that a high PR necessarily means a good plant, and that a low PR means a bad plant. PR is an important indicator, but it changes depending on design conditions, regional conditions, and loss settings. For example, increasing the oversizing ratio can increase PCS clipping and lower the PR. However, from an economic perspective, oversizing can sometimes improve annual energy production and investment efficiency. Therefore, PR should not be evaluated on its own; it must be considered together with energy production and project economics.

Another misconception is to judge simply by adding up the loss percentages in the Loss Diagram. PVSyst’s losses may use different reference bases at each stage. Some items are losses relative to solar irradiance, others are losses relative to DC electrical energy, and still others are losses on the AC side. Simply summing them as if they share the same reference can lead to an inaccurate understanding. At an introductory level, it is better to prioritize seeing at which stage the largest drops occur rather than focusing on detailed calculations.

Also, trying to make the simulated annual energy production match the actual measured values exactly is a misconception. PVSyst is a simulation based on design conditions, and actual operation is affected by weather, downtime, faults, output curtailment, soiling, snow, measurement errors, and so on. When comparing with actual data, you need to perform irradiance correction and account for downtime, etc., to bring the conditions as close as possible for a fair comparison.

Care should also be taken with the meteorological data. PVSyst’s energy output depends heavily on the meteorological data that is input. Using data with higher solar irradiance will result in higher predicted energy output, while using data with lower irradiance will result in lower predicted output. Therefore, when interpreting PVSyst results, you should always confirm not only the conclusions about energy output but also which meteorological data were used.

Different module and PCS model types are also points that are easily overlooked. Even if a plant appears to have the same capacity, results will change if the module temperature coefficient, PCS efficiency, MPPT range, or PCS capacity differ. In particular, when comparing with other companies' reports, it is important to check whether the module and PCS model types match and whether the specifications in the database are the same.

Topics to delve into after getting started

After grasping how to read PVSyst in one hour, to become proficient in practical use it's useful to delve deeper into several items. The most important is understanding meteorological data. By understanding how annual irradiation, monthly irradiation, horizontal-plane irradiation, tilted-plane irradiation, temperature, wind speed, and so on affect power generation, you can judge the validity of simulation results more accurately.

Next, understanding temperature losses is important. In solar power generation, module output decreases as module temperature rises. In PVSyst, temperature losses are calculated based on the mounting configuration and the thermal loss coefficient. Temperature conditions differ for roof-mounted, ground-mounted, well-ventilated racking, and near-sealed installations. Because temperature losses have a large impact on PR, it is worth delving into them in depth.

Wiring losses are also often discussed in practice. The annual energy yield and PR will change depending on how DC wiring losses, AC wiring losses, and transformer losses are set. Wiring distance, cable size, voltage, current, PCS placement, combiner box placement, and so on affect the losses. It is important not only to read the PVSyst report but also to compare it with the actual single-line wiring diagram and cable routes.

Shadow evaluation is another item that should be examined in depth. Near-field shadows, far-field shadows, terrain shadows, inter-row shading between racking rows, and shadows from surrounding obstacles affect power generation. Their impact is especially large during periods of low solar elevation and in winter. PVSyst can evaluate shading using 3D shading, but it is important that the site conditions are correctly represented.

Output control and PCS clipping are also important when considering commercial viability. In oversized designs, DC output that exceeds the PCS's rated output can occur, and the PCS may limit the output. This is recorded as a loss, but it is not necessarily a design mistake. Decisions need to be made from an economic perspective, taking into account module capacity, PCS capacity, electricity unit price, equipment costs, and the terms of the connection contract.

Summary

To understand how to read PVSyst in one hour, it is important to decide the order in which you read. First, check the annual energy production and the final energy injected into the grid; next, verify the assumptions such as installation location, system capacity, azimuth, tilt angle, modules, PCS, and meteorological data. Then look at PR and Specific Yield to grasp the performance level, and read the Loss Diagram to identify where the major losses occur. Finally, when comparing with other reports or measured values, confirm that the assumptions are consistent.

PVSyst reports may at first appear difficult because they contain many technical terms. However, if you read them in the order of conclusions, assumptions, performance indicators, loss breakdown, and comparison conditions, you can grasp the practical points needed in a short time. Rather than trying to understand every item perfectly from the start, it is important to first understand, at a high level, how the annual energy production is derived.

PVSyst is a powerful tool for estimating the energy production of solar power plants. However, its results depend heavily on the input conditions. If meteorological data, equipment parameters, loss settings, or site conditions change, the results will change as well. Therefore, when interpreting PVSyst results, it is essential not only to look at the numbers themselves but also to understand the assumptions from which those numbers arise.

The initial milestone beginners should aim for is not to master every feature of PVSyst. Rather, it is to be able to explain the annual energy production, to explain the difference between PR and Specific Yield, to identify the major loss items on the Loss Diagram, and to verify differences in assumptions when comparing with other reports. If you can do these four things, you have reached the practical entry point for reading PVSyst.

For more accurate design and verification, it is important to link the simulation conditions in PVSyst with the actual conditions on site. By combining and checking drawings, point clouds, positioning data, site photos, and construction as-built records, you can grasp the differences between the simulation and the actual power plant more concretely. If you also use a field verification system that leverages an iPhone and high-precision GNSS such as LRTK, you can streamline layout checks, as-built verification, and reconciliation with drawings for solar power plants, making it easier to validate PVSyst results from a site perspective.

How to read PVSyst is not just knowledge of how to operate the software. It is the foundation for connecting power generation, design conditions, losses, site conditions, and project viability. First grasp the overall picture in one hour, then expand your understanding to meteorological data, temperature losses, wiring losses, shading, PCS clipping, and comparison with measured data, so you can use PVSyst for estimating, design, review, client explanations, and performance verification.